Mexican Independence in 1810 The Cry of Dolores

The Cry of Dolores is an expression associated with the 1810 Mexican revolt against the Spanish, a cry of sorrow and anger from a priest credited with beginning Mexicos struggle for independence from colonial rule. Father Hildalgos Cry On the morning of September 16, 1810, the parish priest of the town of Dolores, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, declared himself in open revolt against Spanish rule from the pulpit of his church, launching the Mexican War of Independence. Father Hidalgo exhorted his following to take up arms and join him in his fight against the injustices of the Spanish colonial system: within moments he had an army of some 600 men. This action became known as the Grito de Dolores or Cry of Dolores. The town of Dolores is located in what is today Hidalgo state in Mexico, but the word ​dolores  is the plural of dolor, meaning sorrow or pain in Spanish, so the expression also means Cry of Sorrows. Today Mexicans celebrate September 16 as their Independence Day in remembrance of Father Hidalgos cry. Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla In 1810, Father Miguel Hidalgo was a 57-year-old Creole who was beloved by his parishioners for his tireless efforts on their behalf. He was considered one of the leading religious minds of Mexico, having served as rector of the San Nicolas Obispo Academy. He had been banished to Dolores for his questionable record in the church, namely fathering children and reading prohibited books. He had suffered personally under the Spanish system: his family had been ruined when the crown forced the church to call in debts. He was a believer in the Jesuit priest Juan de Marianas (1536–1924) philosophy that it was lawful to overthrow unjust tyrants. Spanish Excesses Hidalgos Cry of Dolores ignited the tinderbox of long-standing resentment of the Spanish in Mexico. Taxes had been raised to pay for fiascoes like the disastrous (for Spain) 1805 Battle of Trafalgar. Worse still, in 1808 Napoleon was able to Spain, depose the king and place his brother Joseph Bonaparte on the throne. The combination of this ineptitude from Spain with long-standing abuses and exploitation of the poor was enough to drive tens of thousands of American Indians and peasants to join Hidalgo and his army. The Querà ©taro Conspiracy By 1810, Creole leaders had already failed twice to secure Mexican independence, but discontent was high. The town of Querà ©taro soon developed its own group of men and women in favor of independence. The leader at Queretaro was Ignacio Allende, a Creole officer with the local military regiment. The members of this group felt they needed a member with moral authority, a good relationship with the poor, and decent contacts in neighboring towns. Miguel Hidalgo was recruited and joined sometime in early 1810. The conspirators selected early December 1810 as their time to strike. They ordered weapons made, mostly pikes and swords. They reached out to royal soldiers and officers and persuaded many to join their cause. They scouted nearby royalist barracks and garrisons and spent many hours talking about what a post-Spanish society in Mexico would be like. El Grito de Dolores On September 15, 1810, the conspirators received the bad news: their conspiracy had been discovered. Allende was in Dolores at the time and wanted to go into hiding: Hidalgo convinced him that the right option was to take the rebellion forward. On the morning of the 16th, Hidalgo rang the church bells, summoning the workers from the nearby fields. From the pulpit he announced the revolution: Know this, my children, that knowing your patriotism, I have put myself at the head of a movement begun some hours ago, to wrest away power from the Europeans and give it to you. The people responded enthusiastically. Aftermath Hidalgo battled royalist forces right to the gates of Mexico City itself. Although his â€Å"army† was never much more than a poorly-armed and uncontrolled mob, they fought at the siege of Guanajuato, Monte de las Cruces and a few other engagements before being defeated by General Fà ©lix Calleja at the Battle of Calderon Bridge in January of 1811. Hidalgo and Allende were captured soon thereafter and executed. Although Hidalgo’s revolution was a short-lived one–his execution came only ten months after the Cry of Dolores–it nevertheless lasted long enough to catch fire. When Hidalgo was executed, there were already many in place to pick up his cause, most notably his former student Josà © Marà ­a Morelos. A Celebration Today, Mexicans celebrate their Independence Day with fireworks, food, flags, and decorations. In the public squares of most cities, towns, and villages, local politicians re-enact the Grito de Dolores, standing in for Hidalgo. In Mexico City, the President traditionally re-enacts the Grito before ringing a bell: the very bell from the town of Dolores rung by Hidalgo in 1810. Many foreigners mistakenly assume that May fifth, or Cinco de Mayo, is Mexico’s Independence Day, but that date actually commemorates the 1862 Battle of Puebla. Sources: Harvey, Robert. Liberators: Latin America’s Struggle for Independence. Woodstock: The Overlook Press, 2000.Lynch, John. The Spanish American Revolutions 1808-1826 New York: W. W. Norton Company, 1986.Scheina, Robert L. Latin America’s Wars, Volume 1: The Age of the Caudillo 1791-1899 Washington, D.C.: Brassey’s Inc., 2003.Villalpando, Josà © Manuel. Miguel Hidalgo. Mexico City: Editorial Planeta, 2002.

Creative Art Therapy Essay - 1037 Words

Creative Art Therapy: Creative art therapy is a technique that implements theory of three major schools of thought: PSYCHODYNAMIC HUMANISTIC BEHAVIORISM „Y Uses: Therapists use this implementation of theory and introduce this technique to the client at the appropriate time to facilitate creativity, personal growth, and therapeutic change. PSYCHDYNAMIC Creative art therapy can be used as a medium to capture hidden impulses, and emotions. This technique also helps to explore unconscious secret desires and fears. Jung ¡Ã‚ ¦s regard for imagination and creativity as one of the major forces of healing. Jung also introduced therapist to the role of active participant in the creative endeavor. Free association „ « HUMANISTIC†¦show more content†¦It also helps the client to relieve past memories and some thing concrete to hold onto. Works may become gifts to give to those who are close. The gifts serve as symbols of connections between family and friends. „h Neurological disorders Creative art therapy can be used to help the client with distorted body image and frustration of neurological disorder. „h Mental Retardation Art therapy allows the client to experiment with imaginary and real life situations. Creative art therapy provides a mod for communication of thoughts, feelings, and emotions. „h Schizophrenia Art therapist technique help the client to organize thought patterns. Art therapy helps the client to communicate what his or her world is. Verbalization of ideas and thoughts. „h Depression Art therapy gives to the depressed client: the touch, feel, and sense of self worth that the client may feel is missing. Art offers the depressed client space to create his or her own self -discovery yet with in the protection of a warm caring atmosphere. „h Relaxation Art therapy can be used as an information-gathering tool. 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A Review of Edwidge Danticats Breath, Eyes, Memory free essay sample

This review attempts to show the relationship between mothers and daughters in Edwidge Danticats `Breath, Eyes, Memory.` This paper summarizes the story of Edwidge Danticats Breath, Eyes, Memory, and clearly links the novel to that of the life of the author. It correlates the Greek mythological story of Demeter and Persephone to that in the book in the context of a mother and daughter relationship and link. It also examines the connections mothers, daughters, and women have throughout a bloodline that extends for generations. From the paper: Running throughout this book is a sense that this is the darker version of the Demeter and Persephone story. The connection of these divinities is so great that they cannot bear to be parted, which is something like what happens in this Haitian story. But the story of Demeters love for Persephone is bound up with images of fertility and lushness while Sophies mother is a force for virginity and sterility. We will write a custom essay sample on A Review of Edwidge Danticats Breath, Eyes, Memory or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This contrasting set of pairs joy and fertility in the Greek myth and sorrow and sterility in the Haitian story may be seen to be a commentary on the nature of what happens to womens bodies when they are colonized.